With an all-out war on Ukraine underway, a key question has emerged: what can the West do to help Ukraine?
Sanctions and limited military aid will help. Another key strategy, however, is crucial: to counter Russian president Vladimir Putin’s justifications for the war.
Rebutting Putin’s information strategy will weaken his position in what is likely to be a long, drawn-out conflict.
To do that, we first need to understand what his information strategy is.
In a nearly hour-long speech to the Russian people released on February 21, Putin put forward his case for invasion. This speech has been described by observers as “angry” and “rambling” but it was highly scripted.
In fact, it included two key arguments, which we can expect to see constantly reappearing in Russian messaging in the coming weeks and months.
READ MORE: Latest developments on the Ukraine-Russia crisis
One is focused primarily on the Russian population. The other has both a domestic and international audience in mind.
The first part of Putin’s argument outlined a one-sided narrative of Ukrainian history aimed squarely at appealing to the emotions of a domestic audience by showing Russia’s supposed victimisation at the hands of Ukraine.
The narrative begins with a fantastical version of history claiming Ukraine was “entirely created by Russia, or, to be more precise, by Bolshevik, communist Russia”.
It then turned to the idea that, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine “never had stable traditions of real statehood”.
Ukraine’s “pro-West civilisational choice”, Putin argued, then inevitably led to a series of catastrophes: endemic corruption, a “West-supported” neo-Nazi takeover of power in 2014, and systematic discrimination against Russian speakers (including a planned genocide).
He concludes by claiming Ukraine might soon have weapons of mass destruction (including nuclear weapons).
How to counter this narrative?
This one-sided, neo-imperial interpretation of history is a fantasy that has great emotional appeal to a former mid-level KGB officer like Putin, who experienced at first hand the humiliating end of an empire in 1991 and now sits in the Kremlin.
Putin gets to feel like an agent of history, rebuilding Russia from the terrible humiliation of the 1990s.
But what about 140 million Russian citizens? How does avenging this historical fantasy help them cope with rising prices, a tanking economy, and growing corruption in their country? What future does Putin’s war of vengeance actually offer to coming generations?
Alexey Navalny, the jailed opposition leader, put this well.
He likened Putin’s arguments to your drunk grandfather’s rant at a family gathering – except, this time, your grandfather “holds power in a country with nuclear weapons”.
Russia has all the tools, Navalny argued, for strong economic and cultural development “in the 21st century from oil to educated citizens”. But these are being thrown away on the basis of “war, dirt, lies, and the palace with the golden eagles in Gelendzhik” (a reference to Putin’s alleged palace that features in a notorious YouTube video).
The second part of Putin’s speech included geopolitical arguments about the reckless expansion of NATO and the United States into Russia’s sphere of influence.
This included evocative language of a “US-built maritime operations centre in Ochakov”, and dire warnings that it will only take seven to eight minutes for US ballistic missiles to reach Moscow from Kharkiv in Ukraine.
He concluded by arguing the US will always want to dismember and weaken Russia because “they just do not need a big and independent country like Russia around”.
This kind of argument is aimed at both domestic and international audiences. In fact, much of this language could be aimed at Beijing, which sees the US in much the same way.
It also has been a popular discussion in the Western media and academia. Even prominent US academics such as John Mearsheimer have made a version of this argument for years. These academic arguments don’t go as far as Putin’s, and certainly the US would like to contain Russia’s power, but such arguments can be misinterpreted as justifying a war in Ukraine.
Countering these arguments requires making a clear distinction between explanation and justification.
An explanation is an argument about why something causes a particular response; it ignores whether the response is good or bad. By contrast, a justification is a claim about why a particular response is the correct one. The West must counter Putin’s justification and show why it was the wrong choice.
In the Ukrainian context, it means being clear that although NATO’s eastward expansion might explain why Putin ordered a full-scale war, it does not justify it.
In fact, a war on Ukraine is the wrong response to NATO expansion because it is likely to encourage the expansion of NATO toward Russia’s borders.
We are already seeing this with growing support for NATO membership in Finland.
Countering Putin’s information strategy therefore involves making two key arguments.
First, it means pointing out this is not a Russian war on Ukraine. It is war of choice entirely attributable to an increasingly detached clique of leaders led by Putin, who have little interest in solving the everyday problems of millions of Russians.
The protests in many cities across Russia – exceedingly brave in the knowing reality of police brutality – suggest many Russians believe this already.
Second, a successful counter to Putin’s information strategy shows a full-scale invasion of Ukraine will only worsen Russia’s security situation. This war of choice will only isolate Russia from allies and encourage the further expansion of NATO onto its borders.
Reuters
Fri Feb 25 2022
![What can the West do to help Ukraine? It can start by countering Putin's information strategy What can the West do to help Ukraine? It can start by countering Putin's information strategy](https://resizer-awani.eco.astro.com.my/tr:w-177,h-100,q-100,f-auto/https://img.astroawani.com/2022-02/71645766106_putin.jpg)
10 Berita Pilihan - (16 Julai 2024
Antara pelbagai berita dalam dan luar negara yang disiarkan di Astro AWANI, berikut adalah yang paling menjadi tumpuan sepanjang hari ini.
PAC beri tempoh tiga bulan kepada HRD Corp
Jawatankuasa Kira-kira Wang Negara (PAC) memberi tempoh tiga bulan kepada Perbadanan Pembangunan Sumber Manusia (HRD Corp) untuk mengemukakan laporan tindakan susulan terhadap syor jawatankuasa itu.
Kylian Mbappe tandatangan kontrak dengan Real Madrid
Bintang bola sepak Perancis Kylian Mbappe menandatangani kontrak selama lima tahun dengan kelab Sepanyol Real Madrid pada Selasa.
Pelepasan ketujuh air sisa nuklear Fukushima ke laut selesai
Jepun telah menyelesaikan pusingan ketujuh pelepasan air sisa radioaktif yang dirawat dari loji kuasa nuklear Fukushima Daiichi ke Lautan Pasifik pada Selasa.
Empat termasuk kapten maut dalam pertempuran
Empat anggota tentera India termasuk kapten meninggal dunia akibat kecederaan selepas pertempuuran pada malam isnin di Hutan Desa.
Pakistan sahkan 4 warganya terbunuh di Oman
Pakistan berkata pada Selasa empat warganya terbunuh dalam insiden tembakan pada malam Isnin berhampiran ibu negara Oman, Muscat.
Lima terbunuh, puluhan cedera dalam protes antikuota di Bangladesh
Sekurang-kurangnya empat orang terbunuh dan puluhan lagi cedera dalam pertempuran antara pelajar yang memprotes sistem kuota dalam pekerjaan sektor awam dan polis di pelbagai bahagian Bangladesh pada Selasa.
Kerajaan cadang perkenal pembiayaan swasta
Kerajaan menyasarkan untuk memperkenalkan pembiayaan swasta alternatif bagi memastikan kemampanan kewangan program sektor air, sekali gus mengurangkan kebergantungan pada perbelanjaan kerajaan dan mengukuhkan daya tahan.
Saya tak fitnah Guan Eng, cuma jelaskan siasatan SPRM - Muhyiddin
Presiden Bersatu Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin memberitahu Mahkamah Tinggi Kuala Lumpur hari ini bahawa beliau tidak memfitnah Lim Guan Eng berhubung isu pengecualian cukai terhadap Yayasan Albukhary
KPT alu-alukan dapatan, cadangan PAC - Zambry
Ini termasuklah cadangan pelaksanaan Garis Panduan Pelaburan dan Pembiayaan oleh Universiti Awam 2024 kepada anak-anak syarikat di bawah seliaan Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi (KPT).
![Perang tidak selesaikan masalah, kata Narendra Modi kepada Vladimir Putin Perang tidak selesaikan masalah, kata Narendra Modi kepada Vladimir Putin](https://resizer-awani.eco.astro.com.my/tr:w-177,h-100,q-100,f-auto/https://img.astroawani.com/2024-07/71720561855_VladimirPutinNare.jpg)
Perang tidak selesaikan masalah, kata Narendra Modi kepada Vladimir Putin
"Di tengah-tengah senjata, peluru dan bom, rundingan damai tidak boleh berjaya. Kita harus mencari jalan untuk damai hanya melalui perbincangan."
![Presiden Korea Selatan bincang hubungan Korea Utara-Rusia di sidang kemuncak NATO Presiden Korea Selatan bincang hubungan Korea Utara-Rusia di sidang kemuncak NATO](https://resizer-awani.eco.astro.com.my/tr:w-177,h-100,q-100,f-auto/https://img.astroawani.com/2024-05/41717061182_YoonSukYeol.jpg)
Presiden Korea Selatan bincang hubungan Korea Utara-Rusia di sidang kemuncak NATO
Presiden Korea Selatan Yoon Suk Yeol akan melawat Amerika Syarikat (AS) pada Isnin untuk menghadiri sidang kemuncak NATO di Washington.
![Pemimpin Korea Utara lawat Rusia 'apabila semua syarat dipenuhi' - Moscow Pemimpin Korea Utara lawat Rusia 'apabila semua syarat dipenuhi' - Moscow](https://resizer-awani.eco.astro.com.my/tr:w-177,h-100,q-100,f-auto/https://img.astroawani.com/2024-06/61719295987_tbNorthKorea.jpg)
Pemimpin Korea Utara lawat Rusia 'apabila semua syarat dipenuhi' - Moscow
Lawatan Pemimpin Korea Utara Kim Jong Un ke Rusia akan berlangsung apabila "semua syarat yang diperlukan dipenuhi".
![Putin ucap terima kasih kepada Kim Jong Un atas sambutan mesra Putin ucap terima kasih kepada Kim Jong Un atas sambutan mesra](https://resizer-awani.eco.astro.com.my/tr:w-177,h-100,q-100,f-auto/https://img.astroawani.com/2024-06/81717643773_VladimirPutin.jpg)
Putin ucap terima kasih kepada Kim Jong Un atas sambutan mesra
Vladimir Putin menerusi kiriman Telegram kepada pemimpin Korea Utara Kim Jong Un, menzahirkan penghargaan atas sambutan dan layanan mesra yang diterima semasa lawatannya ke negara itu baru-baru ini.
![Berita antarabangsa pilihan sepanjang hari ini Berita antarabangsa pilihan sepanjang hari ini](https://resizer-awani.eco.astro.com.my/tr:w-177,h-100,q-100,f-auto/https://img.astroawani.com/2024-03/71709993909_TBBERITAx.jpg)
Berita antarabangsa pilihan sepanjang hari ini
Antara pelbagai berita luar negara yang disiarkan di Astro AWANI, berikut adalah yang paling menjadi tumpuan sepanjang hari ini.
!['Korea Selatan, jangan bekalkan senjata kepada Ukraine' - Putin 'Korea Selatan, jangan bekalkan senjata kepada Ukraine' - Putin](https://resizer-awani.eco.astro.com.my/tr:w-177,h-100,q-100,f-auto/https://img.astroawani.com/2024-01/51706333140_KimJongUn.jpg)
'Korea Selatan, jangan bekalkan senjata kepada Ukraine' - Putin
Kata Putin, Moscow akan bertindak balas terhadap perkara itu dengan cara yang lebih besar terhadap Seoul.
![Putin datang bawa kereta mewah, Kim Jong Un senyum dapat hadiah Putin datang bawa kereta mewah, Kim Jong Un senyum dapat hadiah](https://resizer-awani.eco.astro.com.my/tr:w-177,h-100,q-100,f-auto/https://img.astroawani.com/2024-06/81718865599_tbNorthKorea.jpg)
Putin datang bawa kereta mewah, Kim Jong Un senyum dapat hadiah
Presiden Rusia, Vladimir Putin, menyampaikan hadiah limosin Aurus, kepada rakan sejawatan di Korea Utara, Kim Jong Un, dalam lawatannya ke Pyongyang pada Rabu.
![Zelensky tiba di Singapura untuk Dialog Shangri-La Zelensky tiba di Singapura untuk Dialog Shangri-La](https://resizer-awani.eco.astro.com.my/tr:w-177,h-100,q-100,f-auto/https://img.astroawani.com/2024-06/71717249819_VolodymyrZelenskiy.jpg)
Zelensky tiba di Singapura untuk Dialog Shangri-La
Zelensky dijangka meminta para hadirin untuk menghadiri dan menyokong sidang kemuncak keamanan di Switzerland bulan ini.
![Putin puji hubungan Rusia dengan Iran Putin puji hubungan Rusia dengan Iran](https://resizer-awani.eco.astro.com.my/tr:w-177,h-100,q-100,f-auto/https://img.astroawani.com/2024-03/71711236273_tbVladimirPutin.jpg)
Putin puji hubungan Rusia dengan Iran
Putin juga memberi jaminan akan memastikan hubungan baik dengan republik itu berterusan.
![Xi, Putin hadir rasmikan Tahun Budaya China-Rusia Xi, Putin hadir rasmikan Tahun Budaya China-Rusia](https://resizer-awani.eco.astro.com.my/tr:w-177,h-100,q-100,f-auto/https://img.astroawani.com/2024-05/81715926087_ChinaRussiarelatio.jpg)
Xi, Putin hadir rasmikan Tahun Budaya China-Rusia
Xi berkata hubungan China-Rusia dalam tiga perempat abad lalu memperlihatkan pengukuhan dan pengembangan persahabatan sesama jiran.